Open Systems Interconnection Model
| Layer | Name | Role | Protocols | PDU | Address |
| 7 | Application | Initiates contact with the network | http, https, ftp, smtp | Data | |
| 6 |
Presentation |
Formats data, optional compression, and encryption | Data | ||
| 5 | Session | Initiates, maintains, and tears down session | Data | ||
| 4 | Transport | Transports data | TCP, UDP | Segment, Datagram | Port |
| 3 | Network | Addressing and routing | IP, ICMP | Packet | IP |
| 2 | Data Link | Frame formation | Ethernet II | Frame | MAC |
| 1 | Physical | Data is transmitted on the media | Bits |